Bidayatul Mujtahid Wa Nihayatu

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The Book of Bidayatul Mujtahid wa Nihayatul Mujtahid, is a complete book of Fiqh of comparative schools and has become a reference for scholars and prosecutors of knowledge in all parts of the Islamic world.
And among the contents are talking about votive

Nazar in language is a promise (to do) good or bad. While vows according to the meaning of syara 'are able to perform worship (qurbah; draw closer to God) which is not a mandatory (fardhu ‘ain) for someone. Based on the above understanding, it is not legal to vow to do things that are permissible, makruh (in the opinion of the diligent [strong]), and haram.

Likewise, vowed to vow will do something that is obligatory or fardhu in ain for him, as vowed to pray five times a day. Because five daily prayers, even though they are not offered, have become an obligation for a Muslim (Sayyid Ahmad bin ‘Umar As-Syatiri, al-Yaqut an-Nafis fi Madzhabi Ibni Idris, p. 227).

Thus, cases that can be prosecuted are cases that are punished by the sharia 'as an act of sunnah or fardlu kifayah. As vowed to give alms to the poor, vowed to pay back fulan bodies, and examples of sunnah and fardlu kifayah other things.

The effect of the implementation of a vow is that a case that was originally punished as a sunnah or fardhu kifayah is a must for him. For example, giving alms to the poor who were originally sunnah, it becomes mandatory for those who vow to do so. Likewise carrying out the corpse prayer whose legal origin is fardhu kifayah, turns into fardhu ‘ain for those who offer it. One of the legal requirements for a vow is that a vowlaf must contain a certainty of being able to do something.

For example, the words "I vowed to fast on Monday and Thursday", "If I rank first, I will give a gift to the mother", and other words that contain a certainty to do something. If the words do not contain certainty to do something then the words are not categorized as vows. For example, someone says "If I graduate from school, I will most likely give my motorbike", "Maybe tomorrow I will fast", and such.

When someone vows to perform certain worship with a general mention, then what he must do is limited to something that can be named as an act of worship (ma yaqa'u alayhi-l-ismu). For example, someone says, "If I get well, I will fast" then the thing he must do is just fast for one day, because fasting one day can already be called fasting.

The words "I will definitely pray at night" then one's vow will be fulfilled by carrying out two rak'ahs at night. A person's words "I will give alms to the needy" then the vow obligation is sufficient to give the smallest amount of money that still has an exchange rate (aqallu mutamawwalin), such as giving money of 500 rupiahs, because giving 500 rupiahs to the poor is already considered as alms Ibn Qasim al-Ghazi, Fath al-Qarib, p. 324) It is different when things that are sent forth (al-Manzur bih) are not general in nature, but are determined.

For example, the words "If I win the class, then I will fast for one week" then it is obligatory for him to fast according to what he has set, which is one week. This provision also applies to other services that have been determined, it is obligatory to perform the worship that is offered in accordance with the provisions that have been specified at the time of voting.